To convict anyone of resisting without violence, a Florida prosecutor must prove the officer was acting lawfully and that the accused actually obstructed that duty. As founder of The Brancato Law Firm, P.A., a Tampa criminal defense firm, and a former police academy instructor who taught criminal procedure, I know what officers are trained to write in a resisting report, and I have spent more than 25 years in Hillsborough County courtrooms. Our attorneys use that knowledge every week to test both elements.

What Does the State Have to Prove for Resisting Without Violence?

Two things — and both are genuinely contestable. Under Section 843.02, Florida Statutes, and as the Florida Supreme Court framed it in C.E.L. v. State, 24 So. 3d 1181 (Fla. 2009), a juvenile case about a teenager who ran from officers, the State must prove: (1) the officer was engaged in the lawful execution of a legal duty; and (2) the defendant’s action — by words, conduct, or a combination — constituted obstruction or resistance of that lawful duty.

Both elements have teeth. If the stop or detention wasn’t lawful at the moment the alleged resistance happened, element one fails — and that fight doesn’t end if a pretrial motion to suppress is denied, because the lawfulness of the officer’s duty is an element the State must still prove at trial. Losing the suppression motion means the jury hears the evidence; it does not take the defense away. And not everything that annoys an officer is “obstruction” — element two requires actual resistance, not confusion, fear, or a few seconds of hesitation. Our attorneys attack both in Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco County courtrooms:

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. — Tampa criminal defense — (813) 727-7159

What Are the Penalties for Resisting Without Violence?

Up to one year in jail, twelve months of probation, and a fine — because it is a first-degree misdemeanor. That’s the same maximum as a battery or possession of 20 grams or less of cannabis, for conduct that is often nothing more than a chaotic few seconds during someone else’s bad night. A conviction also puts a “resisting” offense on a permanent record that employers and licensing boards read as fighting with police — which is exactly why we fight these charges instead of pleading them out by default. And the felony version is always lurking: resisting an officer with violence is a felony, and prosecutors sometimes charge up first and negotiate down later.

What Is the Difference Between Resisting With and Without Violence?

Violence toward the officer — and it is the difference between a misdemeanor and a felony. Under Section 843.01, Florida Statutes, whoever knowingly and willfully resists an officer “by offering or doing violence to the person of such officer” commits a felony of the third degree — up to five years in prison. Without violence, the same resistance is the first-degree misdemeanor discussed in this article.

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. — (813) 727-7159

The line between the two is contested in real cases constantly: tensing an arm, pulling away, or stumbling during a chaotic arrest gets written up as “violence” in reports more often than you would think. When our attorneys see a felony resisting charge, the first fight is usually over that word — because reducing § 843.01 to § 843.02 takes a felony off the table entirely. Our Tampa violent crime lawyer page covers how we defend the felony charge.

Why Do Resisting Charges Get Added to Other Charges?

Because resisting is the easiest charge to write — it requires no victim, no property, and no evidence beyond the officer’s own account of the encounter. In Tampa Bay arrest paperwork, we routinely see it stacked on top of the charge that started the encounter, and sometimes it is the only charge left standing when the original suspicion fizzles: the search comes up empty or the battery call falls apart, but the arrest still happened, so the report says the person “resisted.”

September 2026 update: Resisting without violence is most often paired with disorderly conduct, and the two charges frequently fail together: if the underlying disorderly conduct arrest was unlawful because the officer saw only protected speech or did not witness the conduct, the officer was not engaged in the lawful execution of a legal duty. Our fully rewritten guide, Is Disorderly Conduct a Crime in Florida, and Can You Be Arrested Just for Yelling?, covers the Second District’s leading disorderly conduct decision and the 2024–2026 cases on arrests made outside the officer’s presence.

That pattern is also where the defense leverage lives. A resisting count that depends entirely on an unlawful stop collapses with the stop. A count built on a few chaotic seconds collapses against the video. And stacked counts collapse under the double jeopardy rule discussed below. Our firm treats an add-on resisting charge as a signal to scrutinize the whole encounter — because if the resisting count is weak, the rest of the report deserves the same skepticism.

What Counts as Resisting an Officer Without Violence?

Real obstruction of a lawful police duty — classic examples include refusing lawful commands during a valid stop, physically pulling away from a lawful arrest, or giving false identifying information during a lawful detention.

Running from the police can qualify too, and the leading case is worth knowing. In C.E.L. v. State, 24 So. 3d 1181 (Fla. 2009), a teenager in a high-crime area took off running the moment he saw officers, and kept running after they ordered him to stop. The Florida Supreme Court held that his flight was resisting without violence — because his own unprovoked, headlong flight in that setting gave the officers reasonable suspicion to stop him, which made their order to stop a lawful command he then defied. But C.E.L. cuts both ways, and it sets two limits the State must satisfy: the person must know the officer intends to detain them, and the officer must be legally justified in the stop at the moment the command is given. Walking away from an officer who has no lawful basis to detain you is not a crime.

Notice what all of those examples share: a lawful police command plus a real act of defiance. In our experience reviewing Tampa Bay arrest reports, plenty of resisting charges are missing one or both — the “command” was never lawful, or the “resistance” was a scared person freezing.

When Is It NOT Resisting? A 13-Year-Old’s Case Was Just Thrown Out

Hesitating for a few seconds is not a crime — a Florida appellate court said so this month. In E.Y., a Child v. State, No. 4D2025-2551 (Fla. 4th DCA Aug. 19, 2026), officers responding to a call about a girl suspected of battering her mother approached a 13-year-old, and an officer yelled “come here!” The child, within a few seconds, stopped walking and started crying. The appellate court held she was entitled to a judgment of dismissal on the resisting charge — because a momentary pause followed by compliance is not obstruction of a legal duty.

That case is worth sitting with, because it is how these charges actually happen: a tense scene, a shouted command, a frightened kid or adult who doesn’t respond instantly, and a charge that treats fear as defiance. When our attorneys defend a resisting case, the first question is always the same — what exactly did our client do, second by second? The answer, surprisingly often, is: nothing the law recognizes as resistance.

Can You Legally Resist an Unlawful Arrest in Florida?

Yes — as long as you use no force or violence at all. This surprises almost everyone, but it has been Florida law for generations: as the Second District — the appellate court for Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco Counties — put it in Lobb v. State, 290 So. 3d 591 (Fla. 2d DCA 2020), a Lee County case, “[i]f an arrest is not lawful, then a defendant cannot be guilty of resisting it . . . the common law rule still remains that a person may lawfully resist an illegal arrest without using any force or violence.” In Lobb itself, the court threw out a resisting conviction because the deputy had no lawful basis to take the defendant into protective custody under the Marchman Act in the first place.

The flip side is just as firm: you may not use force. Under Section 776.051(1), Florida Statutes, a person is not justified in using or threatening force to resist an arrest or detention by a law enforcement officer who is acting in good faith and is known, or reasonably appears, to be an officer, even if the arrest is later found to be unlawful. The moment resistance becomes physical force against the officer, the legality of the arrest stops being a defense to that force, and a felony charge is on the table.

Our attorneys give every client the same practical advice: this is a courtroom right, not a street tactic. Comply calmly, say nothing about the incident, and let us litigate the lawfulness of the arrest afterward — where the right actually wins cases, the way it did in Lobb.

Can You Be Charged With Resisting Twice for One Incident?

Not when the resistance was one continuous act — even if several officers were involved. In K.B., a Child v. State, No. 5D2025-1370 (Fla. 5th DCA Aug. 21, 2026), a student resisted two school officers trying to take her vape device, kept resisting after being handcuffed, and was charged with two counts of resisting — one per officer. The Fifth District reversed one of them: her “continuing resistance to an arrest can amount to a single act of resistance, even if several officers are involved in the effort,” and charging it twice violated double jeopardy.

The court applied a five-factor test to decide whether resistance is one act or several:

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. — (813) 727-7159

In K.B., the location stayed the same, nothing intervened, and the child’s intent never changed — so it was one act, charged once. The court also confirmed that a double jeopardy violation is fundamental error, meaning it can be raised for the first time on appeal. When our firm reviews a case with stacked resisting counts — and multiple counts are common whenever several officers respond — this test is the first thing we run.

How Our Attorneys Defend a Resisting Without Violence Charge

By litigating it like the constitutional case it usually is, not the throwaway misdemeanor it looks like. The pattern that wins these cases:

1. Reconstruct the encounter second by second. Body camera, dash camera, school and business surveillance, and witness phones — matched against the report’s timeline. The E.Y. case turned on a few seconds.
2. Test the lawfulness of the duty. Was there reasonable suspicion for the stop, a lawful basis for the detention, a valid arrest? If not, element one fails — and a motion to suppress or dismiss follows.
3. Isolate the actual “act” of resistance. Fear, hesitation, questions, and reflexive movement are not obstruction. We make the State name the act — precisely — and then measure it against the video.
4. Run the double jeopardy test on stacked counts. One continuous episode is one charge, no matter how many officers responded.
5. Protect the record. Where the case resolves, we fight for outcomes that preserve eligibility to seal the record — because “resisting an officer” is a phrase no background check reads charitably.

That last point matters beyond the courtroom: a resisting case handled well ends quietly, and one handled carelessly follows a client for decades. It is also why these cases deserve real defense attention even though they are “only” misdemeanors — in our Hillsborough County practice, the resisting count is often the most winnable charge on the arrest affidavit.

What Should You Do After a Resisting Arrest in Tampa Bay?

Say nothing about the incident, and get the paper fast. Three things matter in the first days:

1. Don’t explain yourself to anyone but your lawyer. “I only pulled away because…” is a confession to element two.
2. Preserve the video. Body cameras, school cameras, and bystander phones decide these cases — the E.Y. facts were won on what actually happened, second by second. Video gets overwritten; preservation letters need to go out early.
3. Have counsel test both elements before any plea. Whether the stop was lawful and whether the conduct was truly resistance are legal questions — the kind our attorneys resolve in motions, not at sentencing.

Call The Brancato Law Firm at (813) 727-7159. You can call us at any hour.

Frequently Asked Questions: Resisting Without Violence in Florida

Is resisting an officer without violence a felony in Florida?

No — it is a first-degree misdemeanor under § 843.02, Fla. Stat., punishable by up to a year in jail. Resisting an officer with violence is a separate felony offense. In our Tampa Bay cases, we regularly see the line between the two contested — and it matters enormously.

Can I be convicted of resisting if the stop was illegal?

Generally no — the State must prove the officer was in the lawful execution of a legal duty when the alleged resistance occurred. But timing matters: under C.E.L. v. State, flight itself can sometimes create the suspicion that makes a later command lawful. Our attorneys analyze the lawfulness of the encounter moment by moment.

Is running from the police a crime in Florida?

It can be — defying a lawful order to stop is resisting without violence, and unprovoked flight in a high-crime area can itself justify the stop under C.E.L. v. State, 24 So. 3d 1181 (Fla. 2009). But the person must know the officer intends to detain them, and the order must be lawful when given.

Can a resisting without violence charge be dropped?

Yes — these charges get dismissed or reduced regularly, especially where the stop was unlawful, the “resistance” was momentary hesitation, or counts were stacked from a single episode. The Brancato Law Firm challenges both elements and, where the record supports it, moves for dismissal before trial.

My child was arrested at school for resisting — what happens now?

The case goes to juvenile delinquency court, and the recent appellate decisions in E.Y. and K.B. — both juvenile cases — show how vulnerable these charges are to challenge. In our juvenile cases, we also work to keep school-based incidents from becoming lasting records.

Can a resisting without violence case be sealed in Florida?

Often, yes — the outcome of the case controls eligibility, which is exactly why the resolution matters as much as the verdict. A dismissal, a dropped charge, or in many cases a withhold of adjudication can preserve the ability to seal or expunge the record, while a conviction generally cannot. Our firm handles record sealing and expungement, and we negotiate resisting cases with that endgame in view from day one.

Do I need a lawyer for a misdemeanor resisting charge?

Yes — a resisting conviction reads like “fought with police” to every future employer, landlord, and licensing board, and the charge is often the most defensible count on the arrest report. The attorneys of The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. handle these cases throughout Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco Counties. Call (813) 727-7159 for a free, confidential consultation.

For more about our defense strategies, visit our Tampa Violent Crime Lawyer page.

Related reading: Teen Takeover Arrests in Tampa Bay: What Every Parent Needs to Know · What to Do After Being Arrested in Tampa, Florida · How Does a Bond Hearing Work in Tampa? · The Criminal Court Process in Hillsborough County

Charged With Resisting in Tampa Bay? The Video Won’t Wait

Body camera and surveillance footage — the evidence that wins these cases — starts disappearing within weeks of an arrest. If you or your child is facing a resisting charge in Hillsborough, Pinellas, or Pasco County, call the attorneys of The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. — founded by Tampa Criminal Defense Attorney Rocky Brancato — at (813) 727-7159 before the recordings are gone. Our firm has Spanish-speaking staff, and attorney Jean-Luc Adrien speaks Spanish, Haitian Creole, and French. Read our guide for Spanish and Haitian Creole speakers facing criminal charges.

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. 620 E. Twiggs Street, Suite 205, Tampa, FL 33602 (813) 727-7159 Serving Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco Counties

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. is a Tampa-based criminal defense practice. We are not affiliated with any other Brancato-named law firms.

Filming an arrest on your phone is legal, but the way you film it can get you arrested. As a former police academy instructor, a former Chief Operations Officer of the Hillsborough County Public Defender’s Office, where I oversaw a staff of over 100 attorneys, and the founder of The Brancato Law Firm, P.A., a Tampa criminal defense firm, I have seen these encounters from the training side and the defense side. Our attorneys defend people arrested while recording police, and the cases usually turn on distance, warnings, and what the video itself shows.

Is it legal to record police in Tampa?

Yes. In Smith v. City of Cumming, 212 F.3d 1332 (11th Cir. 2000), a Georgia couple sued after police kept Mr. Smith from videotaping officers. The Eleventh Circuit, whose decisions bind federal courts in Florida, held that people have “a First Amendment right, subject to reasonable time, manner and place restrictions, to photograph or videotape police conduct,” though it found the Smiths had not shown the officers violated that right. The right covers sidewalks, streets, parks, and other public places in Tampa and Hillsborough County.

The right has limits. In Crocker v. Beatty, 995 F.3d 1232 (11th Cir. 2021), a driver stopped on the median of I-95 in Martin County to photograph a fatal crash, and a deputy took his phone. The Eleventh Circuit held the deputy had qualified immunity on the First Amendment claim because it was not clearly established that Smith protected photographing from a highway median at a chaotic crash scene. Crocker still won $1,000 from a jury on his separate Fourth Amendment claim over the phone seizure. The lesson: film from a lawful place, and the seizure of your phone can be challenged even when the recording claim fails.

Scholars have tied this right to the role phone video now plays in public debate. Professor Seth F. Kreimer’s article “Pervasive Image Capture and the First Amendment: Memory, Discourse, and the Right to Record,” 159 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 335 (2011), argues that recording images is protected expression, not mere conduct. Encounters with police are common: the Bureau of Justice Statistics report Contacts Between Police and the Public, 2022 found that 19% of U.S. residents age 16 or older, about 49.2 million people, had contact with police in 2022.

What does Florida’s 25-foot buffer law, section 843.31, prohibit?

Section 843.31, Florida Statutes, created by chapter 2024-85, Laws of Florida (SB 184) and effective January 1, 2025, makes it a crime to knowingly and willfully violate a first responder’s verbal warning not to approach and to approach or remain within 25 feet with the intent to impede or interfere with the responder’s duties, threaten the responder with physical harm, or harass the responder. “First responder” includes law enforcement officers, correctional probation officers, firefighters, and emergency medical care providers.

A violation is a second-degree misdemeanor, punishable by up to 60 days in jail and a fine of up to $500 under sections 775.082 and 775.083. Standing within 25 feet is not a crime by itself, and neither is recording. The intent element is where most of these cases are won or lost.

What other charges do people face for filming police?

The most common charge is resisting an officer without violence under section 843.02, Florida Statutes, a first-degree misdemeanor punishable by up to one year in jail. That charge requires proof that the officer was engaged in the lawful execution of a legal duty and that the person obstructed or opposed it. Filming, by itself, is not obstruction. Refusing a lawful order to move, physically blocking an officer, or stepping into an active scene can be.

In Hillsborough County, these charges are misdemeanors filed in county court, and a person taken into custody is booked at the Orient Road Jail. Our Hillsborough County criminal defense attorney team reviews body camera footage, the bystander’s own video, and dispatch records to test the officer’s account of distance and intent.

Can police make you stop recording or delete your video?

Officers can give lawful orders that affect where you stand, but they cannot lawfully order you to delete a recording, and a warrantless search of your phone is generally prohibited under the Fourth Amendment. If an officer seizes your phone as “evidence,” do not consent to a search, do not unlock it, and say clearly that you do not consent. That refusal preserves a later motion to suppress and, as Crocker shows, a seizure claim.

Does Florida’s wiretap law ban recording police audio?

Usually not for police encounters in public. Section 934.03, Florida Statutes, makes it a third-degree felony to intercept an “oral communication” without the consent of all parties, but section 934.02 defines oral communication as one made with a justified expectation that it is not being intercepted. In Waite v. State, No. 5D2023-1354 (Fla. 5th DCA Aug. 16, 2024), a Citrus County man was charged with intercepting oral communications for secretly recording his conversations with on-duty sheriff’s deputies about official business. The Fifth District held the deputies had no reasonable expectation of privacy in those conversations and reversed the denial of his motion to dismiss those charges.

There is a caution. A concurring judge in Waite noted that phone calls are “wire” communications, not oral ones, and that secretly recording a phone call with an officer could be charged under a different part of the statute. Recording an officer you can see in public is very different from secretly recording a private phone call, and the safest course is to record openly.

How can you film police safely in Tampa?

1. Record openly from a lawful place. Sidewalks and public property are best; do not stand in a roadway, median, or active crime scene.
2. Keep your distance. Use zoom rather than stepping closer. Staying 25 feet back avoids a section 843.31 charge entirely.
3. Obey a warning to back up. Move, keep recording, and say aloud that you are complying so the video captures it.
4. Do not touch officers or equipment, and do not block anyone’s path.
5. Do not unlock or hand over your phone. State that you do not consent to a search.
6. Save and back up the video. Upload it to cloud storage quickly; it may be the best evidence in your case or someone else’s.

Frequently asked questions

Is it illegal to film police within 25 feet in Florida?

No, not by itself. Section 843.31 requires a verbal warning, a knowing violation, and intent to interfere, threaten, or harass, so filming within 25 feet without that intent is not a crime under that statute. The Brancato Law Firm uses the video and the officer’s own body camera to contest the intent element in these cases.

Can I be arrested for recording a traffic stop in Tampa?

Recording a traffic stop is legal, including your own stop, as long as you follow lawful commands and do not interfere. Our attorneys at The Brancato Law Firm defend drivers and passengers when a recording leads to a resisting charge, and we often use that same recording as the defense.

Can police take my phone because I recorded them?

Officers sometimes seize phones as evidence, but searching the phone generally requires a warrant or your consent. The Brancato Law Firm challenges unlawful phone seizures and searches with a motion to suppress through our Hillsborough County defense practice.

Can charges for filming police be dropped in Florida?

Yes. Section 843.31 and resisting charges are frequently dropped or dismissed when video shows the person kept distance, complied with warnings, or did not interfere. The Brancato Law Firm gathers bystander video and body camera footage early, before it is overwritten.

Is it legal to record police inside a police station in Florida?

The answer depends on the area, because lobbies and secure areas are not the same as a public sidewalk, and federal courts have treated recording inside government buildings differently from recording outdoors. Our attorneys at The Brancato Law Firm advise checking posted rules and leaving rather than arguing if told to stop in a non-public area.

For how this fits into the rest of a case, see our guide to each stage of a Florida criminal case.

Talk to a Tampa criminal defense attorney about a recording arrest

Video from the scene, yours and the officers’, is the evidence that wins these cases, and body camera footage is not kept forever. Call The Brancato Law Firm, P.A., founded by Tampa Criminal Defense Attorney Rocky Brancato, at (813) 727-7159 as soon as you are released so our attorneys can request it. You can call us at any hour, and our office is two blocks from the courthouse. Our firm has Spanish-speaking staff, and attorney Jean-Luc Adrien speaks Spanish, Haitian Creole, and French. Read our guide for Spanish-speaking criminal defense clients in Tampa. For more about our defense strategies, visit our Hillsborough County Criminal Defense page.

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A.
620 E. Twiggs Street, Suite 205, Tampa, FL 33602
(813) 727-7159
Serving Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco Counties

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. is a Tampa-based criminal defense practice. We are not affiliated with any other Brancato-named law firms.

A prosecutor deciding how to charge an animal cruelty case in Florida now has to ask a new question: was a child there? As founder of The Brancato Law Firm, P.A., a Tampa criminal defense firm, and a former Chief Operations Officer of the Hillsborough County Public Defender’s Office, where I oversaw a staff of over 100 attorneys, I have seen animal cruelty charges arise from family fights, neighbor disputes, and hoarding situations where children live in the home. Under the new law, a child’s presence can turn one felony into two, and our attorneys now investigate who was in the room as carefully as what happened to the animal.

This guide covers what HB 559 (chapter 2026-78, Laws of Florida) changed, why the Legislature passed it without a single “no” vote, what the new public database means for plea decisions, and how these charges are defended. For the basics of Florida animal cruelty law, see our guide to whether animal cruelty is a felony in Florida.

What Did HB 559 Make a Crime?

HB 559 created three new third-degree felonies, each punishable by up to five years in prison and a $5,000 fine. Each applies to a person 18 or older who “causes or entices a minor to commit, or in the presence of a minor commits,” one of these offenses:

The levels come from the House Judiciary Committee’s analysis of HB 559. They matter because most third-degree felonies that are not specifically ranked score at Level 1. A Level 6 or Level 7 primary offense adds far more points to a scoresheet and makes a prison sentence much more likely. The bill also moved animal fighting or baiting itself from Level 1 to Level 5.

Only aggravated cruelty under section 828.12(2) triggers the new animal cruelty felony. Simple cruelty under section 828.12(1), a first-degree misdemeanor, does not, even if a child is present. Aggravated cruelty generally involves intentionally committing an act that results in the cruel death or excessive or repeated infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering, or knowingly and intentionally torturing or tormenting an animal.

Why Did Florida Pass HB 559?

Lawmakers framed the bill around the connection between animal abuse and violence against people, especially children. Research on that connection goes back decades. In a frequently cited 1998 study in the Journal of Emotional Abuse, psychologist Frank Ascione surveyed women at a shelter for battered partners and found that 71% of those who had pets reported that their partner had threatened, hurt, or killed a pet. Among the women with children, 32% reported that a child had hurt or killed a pet.

The House sponsors were Representative Linda Chaney of St. Pete Beach, in Pinellas County, and Representative Johanna López of Orlando. Senator Kristen Arrington of Kissimmee sponsored the identical Senate bill, SB 676. The bill was bipartisan from start to finish:

Governor DeSantis signed the bill on May 12, 2026, at Big Dog Ranch Rescue in Loxahatchee, saying, according to the Floridian Press, that “Florida has become a leader in protecting animals and holding accountable those who harm them.” Vote tallies come from the official bill history and the House staff analysis.

What Is Florida’s Animal Abuser Database?

Florida’s animal abuser database is a public, searchable FDLE website that must be live by January 1, 2027. It began with Dexter’s Law in 2025, explained in our post on Florida’s Dexter’s Law, and HB 559 expanded it. Under section 828.12(9), the site will show each person’s name, aliases, date of birth, race, county of conviction, charges, case numbers, dispositions, identifying marks and tattoos, and booking photograph.

The database covers anyone “convicted of, or who has entered a plea of guilty or nolo contendere to, regardless of adjudication,” a violation of section 828.12. That last phrase is the most important part for anyone negotiating a plea. A withhold of adjudication, which normally lets a person truthfully say they were not convicted, will not keep a name off this list.

HB 559 also requires clerks of court and county jails to send this information to FDLE, and it requires FDLE to remove a listing within 30 days after receiving a petition with documentation that the conviction was overturned or the record was sealed.

What Happens When a Minor Commits Animal Cruelty?

The juvenile court must order a psychological evaluation. Under section 828.12(5), if a minor commits animal cruelty under section 828.12(1) or (2), the court “must order the minor to undergo a psychological evaluation and, if recommended, receive counseling or treatment” for as long as the court prescribes. Parents or guardians pay for it, with waivers for families who cannot afford it, and a parent who willfully refuses to cooperate can be held in contempt.

For families, the evaluation is not only a requirement but also an opportunity. A thoughtful evaluation can show a judge that a child’s conduct came from trauma, a disability, or an abusive household rather than a fixed pattern. Our attorneys work with families to make sure the evaluator has the full picture.

How Do You Fight an Animal Cruelty Charge Involving a Child?

The State must prove the underlying aggravated offense and the child-related element, and both can be challenged. Our Hillsborough County criminal defense attorney team focuses on these points:

1. Was it aggravated cruelty at all? The new felony requires a violation of section 828.12(2). If the conduct was simple cruelty or neglect, the child-presence felony does not apply. Veterinary records and expert testimony often decide this line.
2. What does “in the presence of” mean? The statute does not define it. In other Florida statutes, the Florida Supreme Court has read “presence” to require that the child see or sense the act, as in State v. Werner, 609 So. 2d 585 (Fla. 1992), which interpreted the lewd conduct statute. Whether courts apply that reading to animal cruelty is an open question, and our attorneys will argue that it should.
3. Was the person 18 or older, and was the child under 18? Both ages are elements the State must prove.
4. Did the defendant cause or entice the child? For the “causes or entices” version, the State must prove the adult’s conduct led the child to act, not just that both were present.
5. Who is the witness? Many of these cases depend on a child’s statement, sometimes made during a custody dispute or family conflict. Forensic interviews and motives to fabricate are fair subjects for investigation.

What Should You Consider Before Pleading to Animal Cruelty?

Consider the database before anything else. Because any plea to a section 828.12 offense puts a person on a public FDLE website, even with adjudication withheld, the charge you plead to may matter more than the sentence. Our attorneys look for resolutions that avoid a section 828.12 plea where the facts allow, such as a diversion program, a plea to a different offense, or a dismissal after restitution and an evaluation. Each case is different, and prosecutors are not required to agree.

This post is part of our guide to the new Florida criminal laws that took effect October 1, 2026, which summarizes all eight laws in one place.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is it a felony to hurt a pet in front of a child in Florida?

It is a third-degree felony if the conduct is aggravated animal cruelty and the person is 18 or older, under section 828.12(4) as of October 1, 2026. The Brancato Law Firm examines whether the conduct actually meets the aggravated standard, because simple cruelty in front of a child does not trigger the new felony.

Will a withhold of adjudication keep me off the animal abuser list?

No. The database includes anyone who pleads guilty or no contest to a section 828.12 violation “regardless of adjudication.” Our attorneys at The Brancato Law Firm review alternatives to a section 828.12 plea before any client decides how to resolve the case.

When will Florida’s animal abuser database go online?

FDLE must post the searchable database by January 1, 2027. The Brancato Law Firm advises clients with pending cases now, because a plea entered today can lead to a public listing as soon as the site launches.

Can a juvenile be put on the animal abuser database?

The database covers people convicted of or pleading to section 828.12 violations, and the statute does not separately address juvenile adjudications, so families should get advice before any juvenile plea. Our attorneys at The Brancato Law Firm defend juveniles in Hillsborough County and explain how the mandatory evaluation affects the case.

How can I get removed from the animal abuser database?

Listings come off automatically after 3, 5, or 10 years depending on the record, and FDLE must remove a listing within 30 days of a petition showing the conviction was overturned or the record was sealed. The Brancato Law Firm helps eligible clients pursue the postconviction relief or sealing that supports removal.

What are the local fines for animal control violations now?

HB 559 raised the maximum civil fines counties and cities may impose for animal control violations from $500 to $2,500 for a first violation, $5,000 for a second, and $7,500 for a third or later violation. Our attorneys at The Brancato Law Firm handle the criminal side of animal cases, and a large civil fine can be a sign that a criminal charge may follow.

For how The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. defends these cases, see our Tampa child abuse defense practice.

Talk to a Tampa Criminal Defense Lawyer Today

For more about our defense strategies, visit our Hillsborough County criminal defense page.

The plea you choose in an animal cruelty case can put your name and photograph on a public website for years. Before you accept any offer, our attorneys will review the veterinary evidence, the witnesses, and every alternative to a section 828.12 plea. Call The Brancato Law Firm, P.A., founded by Tampa Criminal Defense Attorney Rocky Brancato, at (813) 727-7159. Call us at any hour; our office is two blocks from the courthouse. Our firm has Spanish-speaking staff, and attorney Jean-Luc Adrien speaks Spanish, Haitian Creole, and French. Read our guide for Spanish-speaking criminal defense clients in Tampa.

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A.
620 E. Twiggs Street, Suite 205, Tampa, FL 33602
(813) 727-7159
Serving Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco Counties

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. is a Tampa-based criminal defense practice. We are not affiliated with any other Brancato-named law firms.

If you were arrested for loitering and prowling in Tampa, the charge itself is often the smaller problem; the search that followed it may have produced a felony. As founder of The Brancato Law Firm, P.A., a Tampa criminal defense firm, and a former police academy instructor who taught officers criminal procedure, I know what officers are trained to observe before making this arrest. I’m Rocky Brancato, and in more than 25 years in Hillsborough County courtrooms I have seen this statute used when officers had no other basis to detain someone. Our attorneys challenge these arrests across Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco Counties.

What Does Florida’s Loitering and Prowling Law Say?

Section 856.021, Florida Statutes, makes it unlawful “to loiter or prowl in a place, at a time or in a manner not usual for law-abiding individuals, under circumstances that warrant a justifiable and reasonable alarm or immediate concern for the safety of persons or property in the vicinity.” The statute lists circumstances an officer may consider, including whether the person “takes flight upon appearance of a law enforcement officer, refuses to identify himself or herself, or manifestly endeavors to conceal himself or herself or any object.”

The Florida Supreme Court upheld the statute in State v. Ecker, 311 So. 2d 104 (Fla. 1975), but only with limits. The court held that “proof of both elements is essential,” that the officer “must be able to point to specific and articulable facts” showing a breach of the peace is imminent or public safety is threatened, and it warned that using the statute as a “catchall” offense may make an arrest unconstitutional. The arresting officer in one of the Ecker cases had testified, “I arrested him for loitering because we could not prove anything else.”

What Must the State Prove in a Florida Loitering and Prowling Case?

The State must prove both elements beyond a reasonable doubt, and Florida courts read each one narrowly.

Element 1: Conduct not usual for law-abiding people

The first element requires more than being out late or being somewhere an officer finds odd. In Mills v. State, 58 So. 3d 936 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011), Clearwater officers saw a man walk out from behind a closed business at 12:30 a.m. in an area hit by recent burglaries, turn back when he saw the cruiser, and stand behind a tree against the building. The Second District held he was “at most a vaguely suspicious presence” whose conduct “did not come close to the actual commission or attempted commission of a substantive crime,” and it ordered the pills found in the search suppressed.

Element 2: Justifiable and reasonable alarm

The second element requires circumstances that would alarm a reasonable person about an imminent threat to people or property. Mills reaffirmed that the statute “must be applied with special care” and “is not to be used as a ‘catchall’ provision whereby police may arrest citizens where there is no other basis which would justify their detention.”

Do Both Elements Have to Happen in the Officer’s Presence?

Yes. Because loitering and prowling is a misdemeanor, the officer must personally see both elements before acting. In Fields v. State, 292 So. 3d 889 (Fla. 2d DCA 2020), a Lee County deputy responding to a 911 call about a possible attempted home entry found Tamar Fields walking in the road at about 10 p.m. The Second District held that “both elements must occur in the officer’s presence and be complete before the officer takes action,” so the 911 call could not count. Walking down the street at 10 p.m. was not unusual, and the court reversed Fields’ convictions, including a cocaine trafficking charge, and ordered him discharged.

The rule is still being applied. In Saintil v. State, No. 4D2024-0624 (Fla. 4th DCA Mar. 26, 2025), a site manager reported someone looking into car windows and trying a car door. The officer who responded saw Benny Saintil, who matched the description, walking from behind a closed building with his hood up. The Fourth District held that “both elements of loitering or prowling must be committed in a police officer’s presence,” found the officer’s own observations “legally insufficient,” and ordered the conviction vacated, even though the situation justified an investigation.

For readers in our area, the Second District’s decisions matter most. Mills and Fields both come from the Second District Court of Appeal, which hears appeals from Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco County courts, so trial judges here follow them. Our Pinellas County criminal defense attorney and Hillsborough County criminal defense attorney pages explain how misdemeanor cases move through those courthouses.

Can a Loitering Arrest Lead to Felony Charges?

Yes. A loitering and prowling arrest allows a search incident to arrest, and that search often produces drugs, a weapon, or stolen property. If the loitering arrest lacked probable cause, the evidence from the search can be suppressed as the fruit of an unlawful arrest, as happened in Mills and Fields. That is why our attorneys attack the loitering arrest first, even when a felony is the bigger charge; our Tampa drug crimes attorney page explains how those drug cases are defended.

The stakes are real locally. Hillsborough County recorded 10,502 drug arrests in 2025, up from 8,124 in 2024, according to FDLE arrest data published by Florida Health CHARTS. Some of those cases begin with a stop for loitering, trespass, or a “suspicious person” call. Our guide on trespass in Florida covers the related charge officers often use on private property.

Does Being in a High-Crime Area Justify a Loitering Arrest?

No. Presence in a high-crime area is a factor, but it cannot carry the arrest by itself. Mills was in an area that had been hit by a string of burglaries, and the arrest still failed. Research also questions how officers apply the label. In a 2019 California Law Review article, The End of Intuition-Based High-Crime Areas, Ben Grunwald and Jeffrey Fagan analyzed more than two million New York Police Department stops from 2007 to 2012 and found that officers’ high-crime-area assessments were “nearly uncorrelated with actual crime rates.” When an officer’s report leans on the phrase, our attorneys demand the data behind it.

What Are the Defenses to Loitering and Prowling in Florida?

The strongest defenses come from the statute and the officer’s own report. These are the questions our attorneys ask in every case:

1. Did the officer personally see both elements? A neighbor’s report or a 911 call cannot supply either element.
2. Was the conduct more than vaguely suspicious? Walking, standing, or sitting in a car at night, without conduct pointing to an imminent crime, is not enough under Mills and Saintil.
3. Was there a real threat to people or property? The alarm must be justifiable and reasonable, backed by specific facts under Ecker.
4. Did the officer ask you to identify yourself and explain before arresting? If not, section 856.021(2) bars a conviction unless flight or another circumstance made it impracticable.
5. Was your explanation true? If it would have dispelled the alarm had the officer believed it, the statute again bars a conviction.

Our motion to suppress guide explains how these issues are raised before trial, and our post on Case v. Montana and welfare checks covers another common route to warrantless police contact.

How Has Our Firm Defended Loitering and Prowling Cases?

Our firm has won these cases by holding officers to what they personally saw:

Past results do not guarantee future outcomes.

What Should You Do If You Are Stopped for Loitering?

Stay calm, identify yourself if lawfully detained, and do not consent to a search. These steps protect the defenses described above:

1. Give your name if asked. Refusing to identify yourself is one of the circumstances the statute lets an officer consider.
2. Do not run. Flight is also a listed circumstance, and it can excuse the officer from asking for an explanation.
3. Do not consent to a search. Say clearly that you do not consent; consent can waive suppression arguments.
4. Write down what happened as soon as you can, including what the officer said and whether you were asked to explain.
5. Call a defense attorney before your first court date. Body camera footage and 911 recordings should be requested early.

Frequently Asked Questions About Loitering and Prowling in Florida

Is loitering and prowling a felony in Florida?

No, it is a second-degree misdemeanor with a maximum of 60 days in jail and a $500 fine. The Brancato Law Firm treats it seriously anyway, because the search after the arrest is often where felony charges come from.

Can I be charged with loitering if a neighbor called 911 about me?

The call alone cannot prove the charge, because both elements must occur in the officer’s presence under Fields v. State. Our attorneys at The Brancato Law Firm compare the 911 recording with the officer’s body camera to separate what was reported from what was seen.

Can loitering and prowling charges be dropped in Florida?

Yes, and they often are when the officer did not see both elements or skipped the required chance to explain. The Brancato Law Firm files motions to dismiss and motions to suppress in these cases; see our suppression guide.

Do I have to explain why I am somewhere if police stop me for loitering?

The statute requires the officer to give you the chance to identify yourself and explain before an arrest, and a true explanation that would have dispelled the alarm bars a conviction. The Brancato Law Firm advises clients to identify themselves when lawfully detained and to talk with counsel before giving detailed statements.

Is sitting in a parked car at night loitering in Florida?

Not by itself, because the State must show conduct not usual for law-abiding people plus a justifiable alarm for nearby people or property. Our attorneys at The Brancato Law Firm look at exactly what the officer observed before the arrest.

Will a loitering and prowling conviction show up on my record?

Yes, a conviction creates a criminal record, and a withhold of adjudication still leaves an arrest record. The Brancato Law Firm works to resolve these cases with a dismissal where the facts allow; our Hillsborough County defense page explains the local process.

Talk to a Tampa Defense Attorney About a Loitering Arrest

Your first move should be getting the body camera footage and the 911 recording before they are overwritten. Call The Brancato Law Firm, P.A., founded by Tampa Criminal Defense Attorney Rocky Brancato, at (813) 727-7159, and our attorneys will compare what the officer saw with what the report claims. You can call us at any hour, and our office is two blocks from the courthouse. Our firm has Spanish-speaking staff, and attorney Jean-Luc Adrien speaks Spanish, Haitian Creole, and French. Read our guide for Spanish and Haitian Creole speakers facing criminal charges.

For more about our defense strategies, visit our Tampa Drug Crimes Attorney page.

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A.
620 E. Twiggs Street, Suite 205, Tampa, FL 33602
(813) 727-7159
Serving Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco Counties

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. is a Tampa-based criminal defense practice. We are not affiliated with any other Brancato-named law firms.

If you are planning a night at a Tampa strip club, or you are reading this after an arrest at one, the rules that decide your case are more specific than most people expect, and many of them are city ordinances that visitors have never heard of. I am Rocky Brancato, founder of The Brancato Law Firm, P.A., a Tampa criminal defense firm. I handled sex crimes cases in the Major Crimes Unit, I am the former Chief Operations Officer of the Hillsborough County Public Defender’s Office, where I oversaw a staff of over 100 attorneys, and I have spent more than 25 years in Hillsborough County courtrooms.

Our attorneys defend patrons, dancers, and club employees charged with lewdness, solicitation, indecent exposure, and related offenses in Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco Counties. This guide explains what the Tampa City Code and Florida law actually say about strip clubs, what changed in 2024, and how strip club arrests in Tampa usually happen. For escort and online stings, see our separate guide to Tampa escort stings.

Are strip clubs legal in Florida and in Tampa?

Yes. Strip clubs are legal in Florida, and Tampa allows them as long as they follow the city’s location, alcohol, and conduct rules. Nude dancing is expressive conduct that the First Amendment protects at its outer edges, so a city cannot simply ban it. What a city can do is regulate the “secondary effects” it associates with adult businesses, such as crime and declining property values, through zoning and conduct rules.

Tampa does that in two main ways. First, an adult use needs a special use permit, and Tampa City Code section 27-132 bars any adult use within 500 feet of a residential or office district or within 1,000 feet of another adult use, with no waivers, and requires windows and doors to be screened so no one can see inside from the street. A federal court upheld those location rules in Specialty Malls of Tampa v. City of Tampa, 916 F. Supp. 1222 (M.D. Fla. 1996), a challenge to the city’s adult use location rules. The court found the city’s evidence showed 72 available sites totaling 5,364 acres, more than 7.5 percent of the city’s land, which it held was a reasonable opportunity to operate. Second, the city regulates what happens inside, which is where patrons and dancers get arrested.

The secondary-effects theory is contested. A peer-reviewed study of 20 adult dance clubs in Charlotte, North Carolina, published by Daniel Linz and colleagues in the Law & Society Review in 2004, compared crime reports from 1998 to 2000 within 500 and 1,000 feet of each club with matched control sites and found the clubs were not associated with more crime; the areas around the clubs reported fewer incidents. Courts still allow cities to rely on their own findings, so the Tampa rules below remain enforceable, and our attorneys can use that research when a prosecution leans on assumptions about who goes to these clubs.

What is Tampa’s six-foot rule for strip clubs?

Tampa’s six-foot rule makes it unlawful for anyone inside an adult use to expose a specified anatomical area or engage in a specified sexual activity within six feet of another person. The rule is Tampa City Code section 14-148, part of the adult use entertainer distance separation ordinance the city adopted in December 1999. In practice, it rules out the contact lap dance inside Tampa city limits.

The definitions matter, because they decide what counts. “Specified anatomical areas” are genitals, the pubic region, buttocks, and the female breast below the top of the areola when less than completely and opaquely covered. “Specified sexual activities” include simulated sex acts and the “fondling or other erotic touching” of genitals, the pubic region, buttocks, or female breasts. Dressing rooms and restrooms are exempt only when no one intentionally touches another person’s specified areas.

• The rule applies to every person in the club, so a patron who touches a dancer can be charged along with the dancer.
• An owner or operator who knowingly, or with reason to know, allows a violation also violates the ordinance.
• Every adult club must post an 18-by-24-inch sign inside and outside quoting the rule, which makes “I did not know” a hard defense.

A violation is punished under the city’s general penalty, Tampa City Code section 1-6: a fine of up to $500, up to 60 days in jail, up to six months of probation, or a combination. Our Tampa sex crimes lawyer team defends six-foot rule charges, which can be filed on their own or alongside state lewdness or solicitation charges that carry heavier penalties.

Can a Tampa strip club serve alcohol and allow nudity?

No. Inside Tampa city limits, a business that sells alcohol for drinking on the premises may not allow nudity, and that includes toplessness. Tampa City Code section 14-97 makes it unlawful for the operator to permit any woman to expose “that area of the human breast at or below the areola,” or anyone to expose genitals, pubic area, buttocks, or the anal cleft, and makes the same exposure unlawful for the performer. It also bans any device or covering meant to simulate those areas.

Under that rule, a club inside the city has two lawful models: a bar that sells alcohol with covered dancers, or a nude club that does not sell alcohol. An earlier version of this article said topless dancing is allowed where alcohol is served; that is not accurate for clubs inside the City of Tampa, and we have corrected it. A conviction of an owner, manager, or employee under section 14-97 also gives the city just cause to revoke the business’s city license, and a revoked club must wait at least six months and go through a City Council hearing before it can be licensed again.

Alcohol brings its own rules. Under Tampa City Code section 14-150.1, licensed establishments may sell and serve alcohol only from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m., and patrons may not drink or keep a drink after hours. Anyone under 21 who possesses alcohol commits a second-degree misdemeanor under section 562.111, Florida Statutes.

How old do you have to be to dance or work at a strip club in Florida?

You must be at least 21 to dance or work in any capacity at an adult entertainment establishment in Florida. Section 787.30, Florida Statutes, created by House Bill 7063, signed May 13, 2024, and effective July 1, 2024, makes it a first-degree misdemeanor for an owner, manager, employee, or contractor to knowingly employ, contract with, or permit anyone younger than 21 to perform or work there. If the underage person performs or works while nude, the offense is a second-degree felony punishable by up to 15 years in prison. The statute requires the club to check a driver license, state ID, passport, or military ID, and it bars ignorance of age, or the worker’s misrepresentation of age, as a defense.

The Legislature passed the age limit as part of an anti-human-trafficking bill. In calendar year 2023, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement received 1,955 calls to its See Something, Say Something phone line, and 181 of the calls made between January 10 and December 11, 2023 were related to human trafficking, according to the Florida House final bill analysis of HB 7063 (2024). A separate statute, section 787.29, already required every strip club to post a human trafficking awareness sign that employees and the public can see.

Is the under-21 law being challenged? Not anymore. An Alachua County club, a Jacksonville club, an adult store, and a dancer sued in federal court in Tallahassee on July 1, 2024, in JCB of Gainesville, Inc. v. Moody, No. 4:24-cv-00261 (N.D. Fla.), and the plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed the case without prejudice; it closed on May 28, 2025. The dismissal followed Wacko’s Too, Inc. v. City of Jacksonville, 134 F.4th 1178 (11th Cir. 2025), in which the federal appeals court that covers Florida upheld a Jacksonville ordinance that effectively barred erotic dancers under 21. The court treated the age limit as a content-neutral regulation, held that it survived intermediate scrutiny, and also rejected a challenge to Jacksonville’s licensing process for dancers 21 and older. The Florida law remains in effect.

For patrons, Florida has no single statute that sets an entry age for a strip club. Section 847.013 makes it a first-degree misdemeanor to knowingly admit a minor for money to a show that depicts nudity and is harmful to minors, unless a parent accompanies the minor, and the alcohol laws set 21 as the drinking age. Each club sets its own door policy, so expect an ID check.

Do dancers need a license to work at a strip club in Hillsborough County?

Yes, under Hillsborough County’s ordinance. Florida has no statewide dancer license, but Hillsborough County’s sexually oriented business ordinance makes it unlawful to operate a sexually oriented business without a business license, or to work as an employee of one without a sexually oriented business employee license, under Hillsborough County Code section 10-196. Applicants file in person, provide proof of age, and disclose specified criminal history.

The county ordinance has its own conduct rule: an employee who regularly appears semi-nude may not knowingly or intentionally touch a customer or the customer’s clothing, under section 10-210. A knowing violation is punishable by a fine of $250 to $500, up to 60 days in the county jail, or both, under section 10-208. Which rules govern a particular club depends on where it sits, so the first thing our attorneys do in a club case is identify the ordinance that applies at that address.

What can patrons and dancers be charged with at a Tampa strip club?

Strip club charges in Tampa generally fall into five groups: city ordinance violations, lewdness, solicitation, indecent exposure, and charges that follow a person out the door, such as DUI or trespass. The table shows the first-offense level and the maximum penalty for a first offense.

Lewdness is the charge that surprises people most. Section 796.07, Florida Statutes, defines lewdness as “any indecent or obscene act,” and it makes it a crime for an adult to offer to commit, commit, or engage in lewdness, and a separate crime to solicit or entice another person to do so. The solicitation penalties climb fast: a second violation is a third-degree felony with a 10-day minimum jail term, and a third is a second-degree felony, with the maximum terms set by section 775.082. Our guide Is Prostitution Legal in Florida? walks through the full penalty ladder.

Florida’s Second District Court of Appeal addressed lap dances directly in State v. Waller, 621 So. 2d 499 (Fla. 2d DCA 1993). Undercover officers from the Clearwater Police Department said a dancer at a Clearwater lounge gave an officer a five-dollar private lap dance, simulating intercourse and rubbing against his genital area while he was fully clothed. The court held that lewdness under section 796.07 includes indecent acts and is not limited to obscenity, and that whether her dance was lewd was a question for a jury, not something to decide on a motion to dismiss. The lesson for anyone charged today is that lewdness turns on facts: what was touched, where, for how long, and who saw it. Our Pinellas County criminal defense team handles these cases on both sides of the bay.

A private room does not change the analysis. In State v. Conforti, 688 So. 2d 350 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997), an undercover officer paid for a “two female entertainment package” in a closed private room at a Broward County adult business, and two dancers performed sex acts during the show. The trial court dismissed the lewdness charges, but the appeals court reinstated them, holding that the acts were not protected expression and that the dancers had no legitimate expectation of privacy in a business open to paying customers. VIP rooms and champagne rooms are where many of these cases start.

Exposure is a separate statute. Section 800.03, Florida Statutes, makes it a crime to expose sexual organs in public “in a vulgar or indecent manner,” but it exempts a person who is “merely naked” at a place set apart for that purpose. That exception gives a performer on a club stage a defense that does not exist on a street corner, and it is one of the first issues our attorneys examine in an exposure case.

How do strip club arrests usually happen in Tampa?

Strip club arrests in Tampa tend to start in one of five ways: an undercover vice investigation inside the club, an offer made in a private room, drugs, a dispute that turns physical or ends with a refusal to leave, or a traffic stop after the patron drives away. In 2025 the Florida Attorney General announced the conviction of the owner of Risque Gentlemen’s Club in Tampa for racketeering, cocaine trafficking, and money laundering after a Tampa Police undercover investigation in which detectives bought drugs from dancers and employees and received offers for commercial sex acts, according to the Attorney General’s April 23, 2025 news release.

1. Undercover officers inside the club. Detectives pose as customers, pay for dances, and document touching, offers, and prices. The officer’s report, any recording, and the club’s own video become the evidence.
2. Private room offers. A conversation about “extras” in a VIP room can become a solicitation or offering charge under section 796.07, even when nothing physical happens.
3. Drug sales and possession. Club investigations often include controlled buys, and a patron searched later may face a possession charge.
4. Fights, theft accusations, and trespass. Disputes over tabs, tips, or a wallet lead to battery, theft, or trespass charges once staff tell a patron to leave and he refuses.
5. DUI on the way home. Many arrests connected to Tampa strip clubs happen blocks away, not inside: drivers leaving after midnight are stopped and charged with DUI. Our Tampa DUI lawyer page and our Hillsborough County DUI arrest timeline explain what follows.

Escort ads, online chats, and street reverse stings are a different kind of case with different evidence, and we cover them in Tampa Escort Stings: How Prostitution Arrests Happen. When a club investigation reaches trafficking, the charges move into chapter 787 and the exposure becomes a felony; our Tampa human trafficking defense guide covers those cases.

What should you do if you are arrested at or near a Tampa strip club?

Ask for a lawyer, then stop talking about what happened in the club. In Hillsborough County, a person arrested in Tampa is booked at the Orient Road Jail and sees a judge at first appearance within 24 hours, appearing by video from the jail while the judge sits downtown; our guide to the first 48 hours after an arrest in Tampa explains that hearing. Jail phone calls are recorded, and an explanation to an officer or a cellmate becomes evidence.

• Do not explain, apologize, or describe the dance or the conversation to officers.
• Do not consent to a search of your phone, car, or wallet; say you do not consent and let your lawyer handle it.
• Write down the club, the time, the room, and the names or descriptions of staff and anyone who saw what happened, and give the notes only to your lawyer.
• Do not contact the dancer, the club, or other witnesses about the case.
• Keep your court paperwork and the date of your first court appearance.

If you were not arrested but learned that detectives are reviewing a club investigation, or you were identified in a raid, there may still be time for representation before charges are filed. Our attorneys contact the State Attorney’s Office early and press for no filing, a reduced charge, or diversion. Our Hillsborough County criminal defense attorneys handle these cases at the courthouse two blocks from our office.

Results in related cases

These results come from cases our firm handled involving related charges. Past results do not guarantee future outcomes.

Frequently asked questions about Tampa strip club laws

Are lap dances legal in Tampa?

Contact lap dances are effectively illegal inside Tampa city limits because Tampa City Code section 14-148 bars exposure of specified areas and erotic touching within six feet of another person in an adult club. Our attorneys at The Brancato Law Firm review the club’s video and the officer’s distance estimate in every six-foot case, because the ordinance turns on what was exposed and how close people were. See our sex crimes defense page for how we defend these charges.

How old do you have to be to go into a strip club in Tampa?

Florida has no single statute setting an entry age for patrons, so clubs set their own door policies, and anyone under 21 cannot legally possess alcohol under section 562.111. If a night out ends in an underage possession charge, The Brancato Law Firm can explain the diversion options that may keep it off a permanent record.

Can you record video inside a Tampa strip club?

A club can ban phones and cameras as a condition of entry, and a patron who refuses to leave after staff tell him to go can be charged with trespass under section 810.08. When a recording dispute turns into a trespass or battery arrest, The Brancato Law Firm looks first at the club’s own surveillance video, which can show who escalated.

What time do strip clubs close in Tampa?

A Tampa club that sells alcohol must stop selling and serving at 3:00 a.m. under Tampa City Code section 14-150.1, and patrons may not drink after that hour. When a night out ends in a DUI stop after closing time, The Brancato Law Firm starts by requesting the stop video and the breath test records.

Can a solicitation charge from a strip club be dropped in Florida?

Yes. Prosecutors can drop or reduce a strip club solicitation charge when the evidence of an offer of money for sex is weak, the recording is incomplete, or the defendant qualifies for diversion. The Brancato Law Firm presses for those outcomes before the first court date, and our pre-file advocacy work starts even earlier when no charge has been filed yet.

Is Mons Venus legal under Tampa law?

Any Tampa club, including well-known names such as Mons Venus, operates legally only by complying with the same rules: an adult use permit at an approved location, the six-foot rule, no nudity where alcohol is sold, and no performers under 21. When a patron or dancer is charged after a night at any Tampa club, The Brancato Law Firm focuses on whether the specific conduct charged actually violated one of those rules.

Talk to a Tampa defense lawyer before your first court date

Start by finding the first court date on your release paperwork and calling us before it arrives. The Brancato Law Firm, P.A., founded by Tampa Criminal Defense Attorney Rocky Brancato, defends lewdness, solicitation, exposure, and ordinance charges from Tampa Bay adult clubs, and our attorneys will request the officer’s report, any recordings, and the club’s video while that evidence still exists. Call (813) 727-7159 for a confidential consultation; you can call us at any hour, and our office is two blocks from the courthouse. Our firm has Spanish-speaking staff, and attorney Jean-Luc Adrien speaks Spanish, Haitian Creole, and French.

For more about our defense strategies, visit our Tampa Sex Crimes Lawyer page.

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A.

620 E. Twiggs Street, Suite 205, Tampa, FL 33602

(813) 727-7159

Serving Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco Counties

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. is a Tampa-based criminal defense practice. We are not affiliated with any other Brancato-named law firms.

I’m Rocky Brancato, founder of The Brancato Law Firm, P.A., a Tampa criminal defense firm. As a former police academy legal instructor, I taught officers the rules that govern intercepted communications, and I served as Chief Operating Officer of the Hillsborough County Public Defender’s Office. Our attorneys see secret recordings surface in cases from domestic battery to fraud — sometimes as the charge itself, sometimes as evidence that never should have reached a jury.

What Is Florida’s Two-Party Consent Law?

Florida law makes it illegal to intentionally intercept — which includes secretly recording — any wire, oral, or electronic communication unless an exception applies. The rule lives in the Florida Security of Communications Act, and its core provision, Fla. Stat. § 934.03, prohibits intercepting a communication and separately prohibits disclosing or using what was illegally intercepted. The statute’s consent exception is what makes Florida an “all-party” (often called two-party) consent state: recording is lawful only “when all of the parties to the communication have given prior consent.”

The protection has a built-in limit that decides most real cases: the statute protects “oral communications,” which the law defines as words spoken with an expectation of privacy that the circumstances justify. A conversation in your living room qualifies. A speech to a crowd, a shouting match in a parking lot, or a statement to a stranger on a public sidewalk generally does not. So the legal question in almost every secret-recording dispute is the same one our attorneys litigate in search-and-seizure cases: did the speaker have a reasonable expectation of privacy where the words were spoken?

What Are the Penalties for Illegally Recording Someone in Florida?

Illegally intercepting a private communication is a felony — one of the few surprises in Florida law that catches ordinary people, spouses in divorces, and even well-meaning parents. The penalty structure under § 934.03(4):

The disclosure prong deserves emphasis, because it reaches people who never pressed “record.” Forwarding a recording you know was made illegally — say, a friend’s secret tape of her ex — can itself be charged. In our experience, most people charged under § 934.03 in the Tampa Bay area had no idea the statute existed; they thought that because they were being wronged, they were allowed to document it. Florida law says otherwise.

What Did the Court Decide in Judkins v. State?

In June 2026, Florida’s First District Court of Appeal threw out a domestic battery conviction because the State’s central evidence was a secret recording made inside a home — a vivid demonstration that the exclusion rule protects everyone, including defendants. In Judkins v. State, No. 1D2024-2610 (Fla. 1st DCA June 3, 2026), a teenager secretly recorded, from the next room, an altercation between Mark Judkins and the girlfriend with whom he lived. Neither of the people recorded knew it was happening. The trial court admitted the audio; the jury convicted.

The First District reversed. Because neither speaker consented, the recording violated § 934.03, and under Fla. Stat. § 934.06 — the Act’s exclusion rule — the audio and anything derived from it were inadmissible “in any legal or governmental proceeding.” The court rejected the State’s argument that the home’s thin walls destroyed the speakers’ expectation of privacy, and it found the error harmful enough to require a new trial without the recording. The evergreen lesson cuts both ways: a secret recording that seems to prove your case may be worthless in court — and if the State’s case against you rests on one, our attorneys can move to exclude it.

Can a Child Record Abuse in Florida?

Yes — Florida law now contains a specific exception, and the story of how it got there explains the law’s strictness. In McDade v. State, 154 So. 3d 292 (Fla. 2014), a stepdaughter secretly recorded her stepfather’s sexually abusive statements to prove what was happening to her — and the Florida Supreme Court held the recordings were inadmissible under chapter 934, because the Act contained no exception for victims. The decision was widely criticized, and the Legislature responded by adding what is now § 934.03(2)(k): a child under 18 may lawfully record a conversation the child is a party to, if the child reasonably believes the recording will capture a statement about an unlawful sexual act or an act of physical force or violence committed, being committed, or intended against the child.

That exception is deliberately narrow. It belongs to the child, it requires the child to be a participant in the conversation, and it is tied to sexual or violent acts against that child. It did not exist in McDade, and it did not apply in Judkins — where the teen who recorded was not a party to the conversation and the exception’s conditions were not at issue. Anyone tempted to generalize it into “recording is fine if you’re documenting wrongdoing” is walking into a felony.

When Is It Legal to Record Someone in Florida?

Recording is lawful in Florida when consent or a statutory exception covers it — and the list of exceptions is shorter than most people assume.

Two practical notes from Tampa Bay cases. First, the law-enforcement exception explains controlled calls: detectives frequently have an alleged victim place a recorded phone call to a suspect. That recording is lawful — and often the most damaging evidence in the case — because an officer directed it and one party consented. If you receive an unexpected call inviting you to talk about an accusation, assume it is being recorded and say nothing without a lawyer. Second, recording on-duty police officers performing their duties in public is a different question entirely — officers speaking in public generally have no reasonable expectation of privacy in those communications, though the safest practice is to record openly rather than surreptitiously.

Can an Illegal Recording Be Used Against You in Court?

No — § 934.06 excludes illegally intercepted communications, and evidence derived from them, from virtually every proceeding: criminal, civil, and administrative. This is broader than the constitutional exclusionary rule in two ways that matter. It applies to recordings made by private citizens, not just the government, and it applies in civil cases — which is why secret recordings so often blow up in divorce and custody litigation instead of helping. When a recording appears in discovery in one of our cases, the first questions are always the statute’s: Who recorded it? Who consented? Where were the speakers, and did the circumstances justify an expectation of privacy? Judkins shows a conviction being reversed on exactly that analysis.

There is a flip side defendants should understand: challenging the recording does not always end the case. The State may still proceed on witness testimony and other evidence, and Florida appellate courts reviewing the sufficiency of evidence consider everything admitted at trial, even evidence admitted in error. That is why the fight over a recording belongs at the trial level, by motion, before the jury ever hears it — the same early-suppression posture we take with stop-and-frisk evidence and medical records the State subpoenas.

Does Florida’s Recording Law Cover Text Messages and Emails?

Yes — chapter 934 reaches digital snooping two different ways, and the distinction decides what crime is charged. Intercepting an electronic communication in transit — capturing texts or emails as they are sent, with spyware, for example — falls under § 934.03 itself, the same all-party consent statute, with the same third-degree felony exposure. Reading communications that are already sitting in storage is a separate offense: Fla. Stat. § 934.21 makes it unlawful to intentionally access without authorization — or beyond your authorization — a facility providing electronic communication service and thereby obtain, alter, or block a stored communication.

This is the statute that reaches the everyday scenario: logging into a partner’s email or cloud account without permission to read saved messages. The base offense is a second-degree misdemeanor, but it climbs to a first-degree misdemeanor and then a third-degree felony when done for commercial advantage, malicious destruction, or private gain, or on repeat offenses. The statute has its own exceptions — including access authorized by the service provider or by a user “with respect to a communication of or intended for that user” — and those exception fights (was the account shared? whose name is on it? was consent implied?) are where these cases are won. We see § 934.21 allegations most often tangled inside divorce, stalking, and injunction cases in the Tampa Bay area, where one login can convert a family dispute into a criminal referral.

What Should You Do If You Are Charged — or Illegally Recorded?

If you are charged with illegal interception, treat it as the felony it is, and do not try to explain your good intentions to detectives — intent to document wrongdoing is not a defense, and your explanation is a confession to the elements. If the State’s case against you relies on someone’s secret recording, get it in front of a defense lawyer immediately: a successful motion under § 934.06 can remove the centerpiece of the prosecution, and the time to build that motion is before trial, not after. In Hillsborough County, interception charges and recording-evidence fights both move through the 13th Judicial Circuit, and the State Attorney’s Office makes its filing decisions within weeks of arrest — the window where our attorneys put suppression problems and statutory defenses in front of the prosecutor. If you were just arrested, our guide to what to do after being arrested in Tampa covers the first steps.

For more about our defense strategies, visit our Hillsborough County criminal defense page.

For how this fits into the rest of a case, see our overview of how a Florida criminal case moves from investigation to appeal.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I secretly record my spouse in Florida?

No. A private conversation with your spouse is a protected oral communication, and recording it without consent is a third-degree felony under Fla. Stat. § 934.03 — marriage is not an exception. The recording would also be inadmissible in a divorce or criminal case, so it carries all risk and no benefit. Our attorneys regularly see these recordings backfire on the person who made them.

Is Florida a one-party or two-party consent state?

Florida is an all-party consent state: every participant in a private conversation must consent before it is recorded. Many states (and federal law) allow recording with one party’s consent, which is why out-of-state habits get people in trouble here. The rule comes from § 934.03(2)(d).

Can I record a phone call if the other person is in another state?

This is a trap. Even if the other person is in a one-party consent state, Florida’s all-party rule applies to your conduct in Florida, and courts have applied Florida law to interstate calls involving Florida participants. The safe rule: get everyone’s consent on the recording itself, or don’t record. The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. can advise before you press record — which is far cheaper than defending a felony after.

Can I use a secret recording to prove I was threatened or abused?

Generally no — that was exactly the situation in McDade, where the Florida Supreme Court excluded a victim’s own recordings, and in Judkins, where a recording of an altercation was thrown out on appeal. The narrow exception is § 934.03(2)(k), which lets a child under 18 record sexual or violent acts committed or threatened against the child in a conversation the child participates in. Adults documenting abuse should call law enforcement, whose one-party-consent recordings are lawful.

Is my Ring camera or security system legal in Florida?

Video-only surveillance of your own property is generally outside chapter 934, which governs communications — but most modern cameras record audio, and audio of private conversations triggers the all-party consent rule. Disable audio or post clear notice where conversations may be captured. If a camera recording has become an issue in a criminal case, we can assess whether chapter 934 makes it excludable.

What happens if the police secretly recorded me?

Different rules apply. Under § 934.03(2)(c), officers — or someone acting at their direction, like a cooperating witness — may lawfully record a conversation if one party consents and the purpose is gathering evidence of a crime. That is why controlled calls are admissible. But the exception has limits, and warrant requirements govern other kinds of interception; if a recording by law enforcement appears in your case, The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. will scrutinize whether it actually fits the exception claimed.

Secret-recording law is one of the sharpest double-edged blades in Florida evidence — the same statute that can put a recorder in prison can take the State’s best exhibit away from a jury. If you have been charged under chapter 934, or a secret recording is being used against you anywhere in Tampa Bay, call the attorneys of The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. — founded by Tampa Criminal Defense Attorney Rocky Brancato — at (813) 727-7159 now, while the motion that decides the case can still be filed.

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A.
620 E. Twiggs Street, Suite 205, Tampa, FL 33602
(813) 727-7159
Serving Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco Counties

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. is a Tampa-based criminal defense practice. We are not affiliated with any other Brancato-named law firms.

Starting October 1, 2025, a new Florida law under Chapter 2025-126 will reshape how the justice system handles threats, harassment, and retaliation against court officials. This law directly strengthens protections for judges, jurors, prosecutors, and other court personnel. At the same time, it significantly raises the risks for anyone accused of interfering with the judicial process. This includes Florida court officials who face harassment under the new law in 2025.

Key Provisions of the Law

To begin with, the law revises several statutes and introduces new sections:

• Threats or Harassment (§ 836.12, F.S.)
  A person who threatens or harasses officials such as judges, clerks, or assistants can now face criminal charges.
• Tampering with Court Officials (§ 918.12, F.S.)
  Using intimidation, misleading conduct, or bribery to sway court officials qualifies as tampering. Depending on the case, penalties range from a third-degree felony to a life felony.
• Harassing Court Officials (§ 918.12, F.S.)
  When harassment prevents jurors or officials from fulfilling their duties, the conduct may be charged as a misdemeanor or elevated to felony levels.
• Retaliation Against Court Officials (§ 918.125, F.S.)
  Retaliating against officials for their role in proceedings or investigations constitutes a third-degree felony. If the retaliation causes bodily injury, the charge escalates to a second-degree felony.
• Racketeering and Criminal Activity Enhancements
  Because these offenses are now included in Florida’s racketeering statutes, prosecutors have additional leverage in complex cases.

Why the Change Matters

This legislation highlights Florida’s commitment to protecting its judicial process. For defendants, however, the law creates more pathways for prosecutors to add charges to existing cases. Consequently, a single incident may now trigger multiple felony counts.

With penalties ranging from a misdemeanor to a life felony, the consequences can alter a person’s entire future. Therefore, anyone under investigation or accused of these offenses should act quickly. Early intervention by a skilled defense attorney can often make a decisive difference in the outcome.

Contact Our Office Today

If you or a loved one has been accused of tampering with, harassing, or retaliating against a court official, you should not face the system alone. The Brancato Law Firm, P.A. brings over 25 years of courtroom experience in major crimes defense throughout Tampa, Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco counties.

Call (813) 727-7159 today to schedule a confidential consultation and start protecting your rights.

For how this fits into the rest of a case, see our stage-by-stage guide to the Florida criminal case process.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: Who qualifies as a “court official” under this law?

A: The statute includes judges, justices, jurors, clerks, bailiffs, attorneys, judicial assistants, and administrative assistants.

Q: What does the law consider harassment?

A: Harassment refers to conduct that causes substantial emotional distress, serves no legitimate purpose, and directly targets a court official.

Q: Can charges apply without physical violence?

A: Yes. Threats, intimidation, or attempts to influence court officials can lead to criminal charges, even without physical force.

Q: What happens if retaliation results in injury?

A: The charge escalates to a second-degree felony, which carries far harsher penalties.

Q: Are attorneys exempt?

A: Yes. The law makes clear that attorneys performing their professional duties do not fall under these provisions.

Updated January 19, 2026

On October 1, 2025, Florida implemented a significant new animal protection law known as Trooper’s Law. This legislation amends Florida Statute 828.13 and creates stronger penalties for abandoning restrained dogs during natural disasters. For pet owners in Tampa Bay, understanding this law is essential—violations now carry felony-level consequences.

What Trooper’s Law Does

The law was passed in response to concerns that many dogs are left chained or tethered outside during storms, unable to escape or seek shelter. Trooper’s Law makes two key changes to Florida’s animal cruelty statutes:

Key Definitions Under F.S. 828.13

Penalties for Violating Trooper’s Law

Why This Matters for Tampa Bay Residents

Florida residents in Tampa, Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco counties face frequent hurricane and storm threats. This law places new obligations on pet owners and raises the stakes significantly for those who fail to protect their animals during emergencies.

Importantly, the law highlights how criminal charges can arise from decisions made under pressure during storm preparations. A pet owner who evacuates without bringing their restrained dog inside could face felony prosecution—even if the decision was made in a moment of panic or confusion.

Legal Implications

While Trooper’s Law is designed to protect animals, it also means individuals accused of violating the statute face serious criminal consequences. A felony conviction can affect:

• Employment opportunities (many employers conduct background checks)
• Housing applications (landlords may deny felony applicants)
• Professional licenses (nursing, teaching, real estate, and other licensed professions)
• Civil rights (voting rights, firearm ownership)

Anyone under investigation or facing arrest for animal cruelty under this statute should seek experienced legal counsel immediately.

Frequently Asked Questions About Trooper’s Law

For how this fits into the rest of a case, see our overview of how a Florida criminal case moves from investigation to appeal.

Questions About Florida Criminal Law?

At The Brancato Law Firm, P.A., I monitor changes to Florida criminal law and help clients understand how new statutes may affect them. If you have questions about Trooper’s Law or any criminal matter, I am here to help. With over 25 years of experience defending clients across Tampa Bay, I understand both the letter of the law and the real-world circumstances that lead to these cases.

Call (813) 727-7159 for a Confidential Consultation

The Brancato Law Firm, P.A.

620 E Twiggs Street, Suite 205, Tampa, FL 33602

Serving Hillsborough, Pinellas, and Pasco Counties

Updated January 19, 2026

What Is Dexter’s Law?

On July 1, 2025, Florida will begin enforcing Dexter’s Law, a significant expansion of criminal penalties for animal cruelty offenses. This legislation, named after a dog who was tortured and killed, fundamentally changes how Florida prosecutes and punishes aggravated animal cruelty cases.

Specifically, Dexter’s Law amends several sections of the Florida Statutes to accomplish three major objectives: enhanced sentencing through a multiplier system, elimination of record sealing and expungement options, and creation of a public animal cruelty offender registry. Consequently, individuals charged under Florida Statute § 828.12 now face substantially more severe consequences than under previous law. I am Tampa Criminal Defense Attorney Rocky Brancato. If you are charged with criminal animal cruelty, my firm, the Brancato Law Firm, P.A. can help.

Enhanced Sentencing Under Dexter’s Law

Dexter’s Law amends Florida Statute § 921.0024 to impose a sentencing multiplier for qualifying animal cruelty convictions. When a defendant is convicted under § 828.12(2) and the offense involves intentional torture or torment that injures, mutilates, or kills an animal, the court must multiply the total sentence points by 1.25.

However, this multiplier applies only when the victim is an animal that is:

• Not used for bona fide agricultural purposes
• Not classified as captive wildlife under Florida law

As a result, defendants convicted of torturing or killing household pets face significantly longer prison sentences than under prior sentencing guidelines. Moreover, this multiplier stacks on top of any other applicable enhancements.

Dexter’s Law Sentencing Impact

Permanent Criminal Record: No Sealing or Expungement

One of the most significant changes under Dexter’s Law involves amendments to Florida Statutes § 943.0585 and § 943.059. Previously, defendants who received withheld adjudication for certain offenses could petition to seal or expunge their records after a waiting period.

Under Dexter’s Law, this option no longer exists for animal cruelty offenses. Specifically, the law permanently bars anyone who pleads guilty or no contest to any violation of § 828.12—whether misdemeanor animal cruelty under subsection (1) or felony aggravated animal cruelty under subsection (2)—from sealing or expunging their record.

This prohibition applies even when the court withholds adjudication. Therefore, a defendant who accepts a plea deal expecting to later clear their record will find that option permanently foreclosed.

Florida’s New Animal Cruelty Offender Registry

Beginning January 1, 2026, Dexter’s Law requires the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) to create and maintain a public, searchable database of animal cruelty offenders. This registry will function similarly to Florida’s sex offender registry, making offender information permanently accessible to the public.

Who Will Be Listed on the Registry?

The registry will list anyone who enters a plea or receives a conviction for any offense under Florida Statute § 828.12. Importantly, this rule applies even when the court withholds adjudication—meaning the defendant appears on the public registry even if the court never technically convicts them.

Registry Requirements

• FDLE must update the registry at least every 48 hours
• The database must be publicly accessible online
• The registry must be searchable by the public
• Listing applies regardless of adjudication status

Dexter’s Law Implementation Timeline

What Dexter’s Law Means for Defendants

Dexter’s Law fundamentally changes the calculus for anyone accused of animal cruelty in Florida. The combination of enhanced sentences, permanent criminal records, and public registration creates consequences that extend far beyond the courtroom.

For instance, a conviction or plea will now affect employment opportunities, housing applications, professional licensing, and personal relationships—indefinitely. Additionally, the public registry ensures that neighbors, employers, and anyone else can easily discover the offense with a simple online search.

Given these stakes, mounting an aggressive defense from the earliest stages of the case is essential. This includes challenging probable cause, questioning witness credibility, examining forensic evidence, and exploring all available legal defenses.

Frequently Asked Questions: Dexter’s Law and Florida Animal Cruelty Charges

Questions about the Animal Cruelty Registry

For how this fits into the rest of a case, see our step-by-step guide to what happens in a Florida criminal case.

Related:

• Tampa Criminal Defense Attorney – Full-service criminal defense
• Tampa Police Mistakes Can Lead to Case Dismissal
• Circumstantial Evidence in Florida Criminal Cases